Three states restart from the same silicon without asking anyone for permission

Japan, India, and China have chosen an open architecture to start from scratch on silicon. These beginnings remain modest: the Indian DHRUV64 is fabricated in 28 nanometers in Taiwan, the Japanese project is in development, and China presented XiangShan, an open-source processor, in March 2026. The key point is that none of these three departures required the approval of an architecture owner.

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